answer:The government's collection and search of Americans' communications without a warrant or court order violates the Fourth Amendment, according to the Electronic Frontier Foundation's (EFF) Jewel v. NSA case. EFF argues that the government's access to nearly all communications on the internet through the 702 "upstream" program constitutes a general warrant, which is prohibited by the Fourth Amendment. Additionally, under Section 702, the government searches through content without a warrant, which EFF argues is a violation of the Fourth Amendment's requirement for a warrant to search the content of communication. Ultimately, EFF believes that the government's mass collection and search of Americans' communications is unconstitutional and must be stopped.

answer:The PCLOB's proposed reforms for Section 702, according to the EFF, are inadequate for stopping excessive surveillance. The report asks the NSA to study the issue of government communications searches rather than actually reining in such searches. The report also fails to address the primary privacy problem with the 702 "upstream" program, which is that the government has access to, or is acquiring, nearly all communications that travel over the internet. The report focuses only on the government's methods for searching and filtering out unwanted information, rather than the fact that the government is collecting and searching through the content of millions of emails, social networking posts, and other internet communications. Additionally, the report's constitutional analysis is flawed, as it incorrectly assumes that no warrant is required for the government to search through the content of communications. Overall, the EFF believes that the PCLOB's proposed reforms are minimal and will do little to stop excessive surveillance.

answer:The "upstream" program is a part of the National Security Agency's (NSA) Section 702 surveillance program that was first revealed by Edward Snowden in 2013. Under the program, the government taps into the internet's backbone, which consists of undersea fiber-optic cables that carry most of the world's internet traffic, and intercepts and searches the content of both domestic and international communications. This gives the government access to almost all internet communications, including emails, chat messages, and browsing histories. The "upstream" program is a significant privacy concern because it involves the collection and analysis of vast amounts of personal information without specific suspicion or individualized warrants. The program allows the government to collect information about almost anyone, regardless of whether they are suspected of any wrongdoing, and this information can be stored in a database and used for future investigations. Critics argue that this kind of mass surveillance violates Americans' Fourth Amendment rights and that such unfettered government access to personal communication represents a serious threat to individual privacy.

answer:Ingredients: - 3-4 lobsters, about 1.5 pounds each - 2 onions, chopped - 2 carrots, chopped - 2 celery stalks, chopped - 4 garlic cloves, minced - 4 tablespoons unsalted butter - 1/4 cup tomato paste - 1/4 cup all-purpose flour - 2 cups dry white wine - 8 cups lobster stock (or seafood stock) - 2 cups heavy cream - 1 tablespoon chopped fresh thyme - Salt and pepper to taste - 1/4 cup brandy (optional) - Chopped fresh chives, for garnish Necessary equipment: - Large pot or dutch oven - Wooden spoon - Chef's knife - Cutting board - Strainer or sieve - Blender or immersion blender - Ladle - Mallet or meat tenderizer Instructions: 1. Begin by cooking the lobsters. Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add the lobsters and cook for 10-12 minutes. Remove the lobsters from the pot and let them cool. Reserve the lobster stock for later. 2. Remove the meat from the lobsters. Crack the shells and remove the meat. Reserve the lobster meat for later. 3. Heat the butter in a large pot or dutch oven over medium heat. Add the onions, carrots, celery, and garlic, and sauté for 5-7 minutes, until softened. 4. Add the tomato paste and flour to the pot and stir to combine. Cook for 1-2 minutes. 5. Slowly add the white wine to the pot, stirring constantly, until the liquid is smooth and thick. Cook for 2-3 minutes until the mixture is slightly reduced. 6. Add the lobster stock to the pot and bring to a simmer. Cook for 30 minutes. 7. Using an immersion blender or transferring the mixture to a blender, blend the mixture until smooth. 8. Add the heavy cream and thyme to the pot, and stir to combine. Cook for an additional 10 minutes, until the flavors have melded together. 9. Add the brandy (optional) to the pot, and stir to combine. 10. Add the lobster meat to the pot, and cook for 5-7 minutes, or until heated through. 11. Season with salt and pepper to taste. Serve hot, garnished with chopped fresh chives. Tips and suggestions: - The lobster meat can be tough to remove from the shell. To make it easier, use a mallet or meat tenderizer to crack the shell before removing the meat. - The lobster shells can also be used to make the lobster stock. Simply simmer the shells in water for about an hour, strain the liquid, and use in place of the seafood stock. - For a richer flavor, use half and half instead of heavy cream. - For a thicker bisque, puree some of the lobster meat with the soup in a blender and return it to the pot. - If you don't have brandy, you can substitute with cognac or sherry. - To make a vegetarian version of this soup, omit the lobster and seafood stock, and replace with vegetable stock. Add diced potatoes, corn, and any other vegetables of your choice for a hearty and flavorful vegetable bisque.